Workshop viva questions and answers are presented below with respect to Cycle 1 and Cycle 2.
Cycle 1 consists of four trades: Fitting, Welding, Foundry, and Machine Shop.
Cycle 2 also consists of four trades: Carpentry, Tinsmithy, House Wiring, and Power Tools.
The viva questions and answers for both Cycle 1 and Cycle 2 are provided below.
Workshop Viva Questions and Answers
Cycle-I
FITTING
What is fitting?
Fitting is a manufacturing process of shaping and assembling metal parts using hand tools to achieve the desired size and finish.
Sequence of operations to be performed in fitting shop
Marking → Cutting → Filing → Drilling → Reaming → Tapping → Finishing → Inspection.
What are the work holding tools?
Bench vice, hand vice, machine vice, clamps, V-blocks, and angle plates.
What are the measuring and marking tools used in fitting shop?
Steel rule, Vernier caliper, micrometer, try-square, scriber, divider, surface plate, and marking gauge.
What are the cutting tools used in fitting?
Hacksaw, chisel, files, drills, reamers, taps, and dies.
What are the finishing tools used in fitting?
Files (smooth, bastard), emery paper, polishing tools.
What are the striking tools used in fitting?
Ball peen hammer, cross peen hammer, mallet.
What is the use of Try-Square?
It is used to check the squareness (90° angle) and to mark right angles on a workpiece.
Difference between Dot punch and Center punch
Dot punch is used for light marking with a small indentation. Center punch is used to make deeper marks to guide drilling.
Methods of Filing
Straight filing, cross filing, draw filing, and diagonal filing.
Safety precautions to be taken in fitting shop
Use proper tools, ensure tight clamping of workpiece, wear goggles, avoid excessive force, and keep tools in good condition.
WELDING
What is Welding?
Welding is a process of joining two or more metal parts by heating them to a suitable temperature with or without pressure and filler material.
Name few welding processes
Arc welding, gas welding, TIG welding, MIG welding, spot welding.
Essential tools and equipment used in welding
Welding machine, electrodes, welding cables, electrode holder, chipping hammer, wire brush, safety helmet, gloves.
Safety precautions in welding
Wear welding helmet and gloves, ensure proper ventilation, avoid direct exposure to arc light, keep flammable materials away.
Types of Weld joints
Butt joint, lap joint, corner joint, edge joint, T-joint.
Materials required for welding process
Base metal, filler rod/electrode, flux, shielding gas (in some processes).
Sequence of operations in welding process
Preparation of joint → Cleaning → Setting → Welding → Cooling → Inspection → Finishing.
Difference between Arc welding and Gas welding
Arc welding uses electric arc as heat source, while gas welding uses flame (oxygen + acetylene). Arc welding is faster; gas welding is slower but gives better control.
Name common welding defects
Porosity, cracks, slag inclusion, undercut, incomplete fusion.
FOUNDRY (SAND MOULDING)
What is foundry?
Foundry is a place where metal casting is done by melting metal and pouring it into molds.
Explain the foundry process / sand moulding process
Pattern preparation → Mould making → Core making → Melting → Pouring → Cooling → Shakeout → Cleaning → Inspection.
Tools and equipment used in foundry
Flask, trowel, riddle, rammer, sprue pin, vent wire, ladle.
Safety precautions to be taken in foundry
Wear heat-resistant PPE, avoid moisture in molds, handle molten metal carefully, maintain safe distance.
Properties of Moulding Sand
Permeability, strength, plasticity, refractoriness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness.
Kinds of Moulding Sand
Green sand, dry sand, loam sand, facing sand, core sand.
What is pattern and its types?
Pattern is a replica of the casting used to prepare mold cavity. Types include solid pattern, split pattern, match plate pattern, sweep pattern.
What is the use of Sprue and Riser?
Sprue allows molten metal to enter the mold; riser supplies extra metal to compensate shrinkage.
What is the use of core in sand moulding process?
Core is used to create internal cavities or hollow sections in casting.
What is mould cavity?
It is the hollow space formed in the mold which takes the shape of the final casting.
Difference between Solid pattern and Split pattern
Solid pattern is made in one piece; split pattern is divided into two halves for easy removal.
What is the use of strike-off bar in moulding process?
It is used to remove excess sand and level the mold surface.
What is the use of parting sand?
It prevents sticking between mold halves and pattern.
What is pattern and how it is different from casting?
Pattern is the model used to make the mold, while casting is the final metal product obtained after solidification.
MACHINE SHOP
What is a Lathe machine and its uses?
A lathe machine rotates the workpiece against a cutting tool to perform operations like turning, facing, drilling, and threading.
Main parts of Lathe machine
Bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, spindle, chuck, tool post.
Difference between facing and turning operation
Facing produces a flat surface at the end of the workpiece; turning reduces diameter along the length.
Purpose of chuck and name its types
Chuck holds the workpiece. Types include three-jaw chuck, four-jaw chuck, collet chuck.
Difference between Turning, Taper Turning and Step turning
Turning produces uniform diameter, taper turning produces conical shape, step turning produces different diameters in steps.
Safety operations to be taken in machine shop
Wear proper clothing, avoid loose items, ensure proper clamping, keep hands away from rotating parts, follow instructions.
Lathe operations:
Facing
Produces a flat surface at the end of the workpiece.
Turning
Reduces the diameter of a rotating workpiece.
Step Turning
Produces different diameters along the length.
Taper Turning
Produces a conical shape on the workpiece.
Thread Cutting
Creates external or internal threads.
Knurling
Produces a rough patterned surface for better grip.
Drilling
Makes a hole along the axis using a drill.
Boring
Enlarges an already drilled hole.
Reaming
Finishes a hole to accurate size and smooth surface.
Grooving
Cuts a narrow groove on the workpiece.
Chamfering
Removes sharp edges by making a bevel.
Polishing
Improves surface finish using abrasives.
Workshop Viva Questions and Answers
Cycle-II
CARPENTRY
Application of carpentry?
Carpentry is used for making furniture, doors, windows, roofs, cabinets, wooden structures, and interior decorations in buildings.
Types of joints in carpentry?
Common joints include butt joint, lap joint, mortise and tenon joint, dovetail joint, bridle joint, and tongue and groove joint.
Measuring tools used in carpentry?
Measuring tools include steel rule, measuring tape, try square, calipers, and folding rule.
Marking tools used in carpentry?
Marking tools include marking gauge, pencil, scriber, try square, and marking knife.
Finishing tools used in carpentry?
Finishing tools include plane, sandpaper, scraper, file, and polishing tools.
Cutting tools used in carpentry?
Cutting tools include hand saw, chisel, plane cutter, and circular saw.
Types of files used in carpentry?
Files used include flat file, round file, half-round file, and rasp file.
Types of chisels used in carpentry?
Common chisels include firmer chisel, bevel edge chisel, mortise chisel, and paring chisel.
Safety precautions to be taken in carpentry?
Wear safety goggles, keep tools sharp and clean, use proper tools, maintain correct posture, and keep the workplace clean.
Which type of hammer is used for extracting nails from wood?
A claw hammer is used to extract nails from wood.
TINSMITHY
How can you measure the thickness of a sheet (galvanized iron sheet)?
Thickness is measured using a micrometer screw gauge or vernier caliper.
What are the cutting tools used in tinsmithy?
Cutting tools include snips, shears, hacksaw, and chisels.
What are the forming/shaping tools used in tinsmithy?
Forming tools include stakes, hammers, mallets, and rollers.
What are the striking tools used in tinsmithy?
Striking tools include ball peen hammer, mallet, and riveting hammer.
What are the marking tools used in tinsmithy?
Marking tools include scriber, divider, try square, and steel rule.
What are the measuring tools used in tinsmithy?
Measuring tools include steel rule, calipers, vernier caliper, and micrometer.
Types of snips?
Types of snips include straight snips, left-hand snips, right-hand snips, and curved snips.
What is development of a surface in tinsmithy with respect to galvanized sheet?
It is the process of unfolding or laying out a 3D object into a flat pattern on a sheet before cutting and forming.
POWER TOOLS
How are power tools different from conventional tools?
Power tools operate using electricity or batteries and require less manual effort, whereas conventional tools are manually operated and require more physical effort.
Name a few power tools.
Examples include electric drill, angle grinder, circular saw, jigsaw, and power sander.
Applications of power tools in household and industrial applications?
In households, they are used for drilling, cutting, and repairs; in industries, they are used for manufacturing, construction, and heavy-duty operations.
HOUSE WIRING
Difference between series and parallel connection?
In series connection, components are connected end-to-end and current is the same through all; in parallel connection, components are connected across the same voltage and current divides among them.
What are the types of wires used in electrical wiring?
Types include PVC insulated wires, VIR wires, TRS cables, and flexible wires.
Difference between fuse and circuit breaker?
A fuse melts and breaks the circuit when excess current flows, while a circuit breaker automatically trips and can be reset.
Symbols of electrical and electronic systems/components?
Symbols represent components like resistor, capacitor, diode, switch, battery, and ground in circuit diagrams.
What is earthing?
Earthing is the process of connecting electrical equipment to the ground to prevent electric shock and ensure safety.
Types of fuses?
Types include rewirable fuse, cartridge fuse, HRC fuse, and thermal fuse.
What are the applications of staircase wiring?
It is used to control a single light from two different locations, such as staircases and corridors.
Difference between conductor and insulator?
Conductor
A conductor is a material that allows electric current to pass through it easily due to the presence of free electrons.
Examples: Copper, Aluminum, Silver
Insulator
An insulator is a material that does not allow electric current to pass through it easily because it has very few or no free electrons.
Examples: Rubber, Glass, Plastic
END of Workshop Viva Questions and Answers
Elements of Mechanical Engineering for III Year - Viva Questions and Short Answers
Basic Mechanical Engineering "Short Answers (SAQ/LAQ)"
Unit I:
- Describe the Carnot cycle with a PV Diagram. Why is it considered the most efficient cycle?
- Derivation of Otto cycle.
- Derivation of Diesel cycle.
- Derivations for the applications of First law of Thermodynamics - Const. Volume, Const. Pressure, Const. Temperature process. OR State and explain the First law of thermodynamics. How is it applied in constant volume and constant pressure process?
- Explain Zeroth law, First law and Second law of thermodynamics.
- Explain the working principle of 4-stroke SI Engine with neat sketch?
- Explain the working principle of 4-stroke CI Engine with neat sketch?
- Explain the working of Babcock and Wilcox boiler with neat sketch?
- Explain the working of Cochran boiler with neat sketch?
- Difference between Water tube and Fire Tube boilers.
- What are the components of Internal combustion engine?
- Explain about High pressure boilers?
- Explain the construction and working of a centrifugal pump. What are its main applications?
- Explain the working of Francis Turbine with neat sketch?
- Explain the working of Kaplan Turbine with neat sketch?
- Explain the working of Vapor compression refrigeration cycle with neat sketch?
- Explain the working of Vapor Absorption refrigeration cycle with neat sketch?
- Compare VAR with VCR?
- Explain the working of Bessemer converter with neat sketch.
- Explain the working of Electric Arc furnace with neat sketches.
- Explain 3 types of steel – low carbon steel, medium carbon and high carbon steel.
- Explain various types of composite materials.
- Explain the types and fabrication methods of composite material.
- Explain the types of cast iron with its characteristics.
- Explain non-ferrous materials – Aluminium & Copper.
- Explain the properties and types of stainless steel.
- What are the components of robot.
- Explain the working of CNC machine with a neat sketch.
- Explain the differences between CNC drilling, CNC milling, CNC boring, CNC turning operations and CNC tapping.
- Explain about NC and CNC turning centre.
- Explain the working of adaptive control with neat sketch.
Basic Mechanical Engineering "Viva Questions and Short Answers"
Unit I
1. List Energy Resources.
Energy resources are broadly classified as renewable and non-renewable.
Renewable sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy.
Non-renewable sources include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear fuels.
2. What is the use of surge tank in hydroelectric power plant?
A surge tank is provided in a hydroelectric plant to control pressure variations in the penstock. It protects the pipeline from water hammer effects caused by sudden load changes. It also stabilizes the flow of water to the turbine.
3. Define System, Boundary, Surroundings.
- A system is a defined quantity of matter or region selected for study.
- The boundary is the real or imaginary surface separating the system from surroundings.
- Everything outside the boundary is called surroundings.
4. Define closed, open and isolated system.
- A closed system allows energy transfer but not mass transfer across its boundary.
- An open system permits both mass and energy transfer.
- An isolated system allows neither mass nor energy exchange.
5. Difference between intensive and extensive properties
Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter, such as temperature and pressure.
Extensive properties depend on the mass of the system, such as volume and energy. Extensive properties change with system size, while intensive ones remain constant.
6. Difference between diathermic and adiabatic process.
In a diathermic process, heat transfer between system and surroundings is allowed.
In an adiabatic process, no heat transfer occurs across the boundary. Adiabatic processes are usually well insulated.
7. Difference between pump and turbine.
A pump converts mechanical energy into fluid energy to increase pressure.
A turbine converts fluid energy into mechanical work. Pumps require external power, whereas turbines produce power.
8. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
The Zeroth law states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law forms the basis for temperature measurement.
9. State First law of thermodynamics.
The First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. For a closed system, heat added equals the increase in internal energy plus work done. It represents conservation of energy.
10. Second law of thermodynamics – Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements
Clausius statement says heat cannot flow spontaneously from a colder body to a hotter body.
Kelvin-Planck statement says no heat engine can convert all heat into work in a cycle. Both statements express limitations on energy conversion.
Unit II
1. Define Heat Engine
A heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work. It operates between a high temperature source and a low temperature sink. It works on a thermodynamic cycle.
2. List components of Heat Engine
The main components are a heat source, working substance, heat sink, and mechanical output device. The working substance absorbs heat and produces work. The sink receives the rejected heat.
3. What is TDC and BDC?
TDC (Top Dead Centre) is the highest position of the piston inside the cylinder.
BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) is the lowest position of the piston. These positions define the piston stroke length.
4. What is clearance volume?
Clearance volume is the space remaining in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC. It prevents mechanical contact between piston and cylinder head. It also influences compression ratio.
5. List performance parameters of engine
Common performance parameters include indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency, and thermal efficiency. Specific fuel consumption and mean effective pressure are also important. These parameters evaluate engine efficiency and output.
6. Difference between air cooling and water cooling
Air cooling uses air flow to remove engine heat directly from fins.
Water cooling uses circulating coolant to absorb and carry away heat. Water cooling provides better temperature control than air cooling.
7. List properties of lubricant
Lubricants should have suitable viscosity, high flash point, and low pour point. They must resist oxidation and prevent corrosion. Good lubricants reduce friction and wear.
8. Define boiler and classify them
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by heating. Boilers are classified as fire-tube and water-tube types. They can also be classified based on pressure and circulation method.
9. List boiler mountings and accessories
Boiler mountings include safety valve, pressure gauge, water level indicator, and stop valve.
Boiler Accessories include economizer, superheater, and air preheater. Mountings ensure safety, while accessories improve efficiency.
10. Difference between impulse and reaction turbine
In an impulse turbine, water pressure remains constant across the runner.
In a reaction turbine, pressure changes as water flows through the blades. Impulse turbines use high velocity jets, while reaction turbines use pressure energy.
Unit III
1. What is a centrifugal pump?
A centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine that increases fluid pressure using centrifugal force. It consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing. It is widely used for water supply and irrigation.
2. What is a Pelton turbine?
A Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine used for high head applications. It uses water jets striking bucket-shaped blades. It converts kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy.
3. Use of braking jet in Pelton turbine
The braking jet is used to stop the runner quickly during shutdown. It directs a jet opposite to the rotation direction. This reduces stopping time and improves safety.
4. Applications of Pelton turbine
- Pelton turbines are used in high head, low discharge hydroelectric plants.
- They are suitable for mountainous regions.
- They are commonly installed in small and medium hydro projects.
5. What is a Kaplan turbine?
A Kaplan turbine is a reaction turbine used for low head and high flow conditions. It has adjustable blades for better efficiency. It operates similar to a propeller.
6. Difference between Kaplan and Francis turbine
- Kaplan turbine is used for low head and high discharge conditions.
- Francis turbine is used for medium head applications.
- Kaplan has adjustable runner blades, while Francis has fixed blades.
7. Define Refrigerant
A refrigerant is a working fluid used in refrigeration systems. It absorbs heat at low temperature and pressure and releases it at high temperature. It undergoes phase change during the cycle.
8. Define One Ton of Refrigeration
One ton of refrigeration is the cooling effect required to freeze one ton of water into ice in 24 hours. It is equal to 3.517 kW of cooling capacity. It represents the rate of heat removal.
Unit IV
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Classification of Engineering Materials
Engineering materials are classified into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites based on their physical and mechanical properties. Metals are strong, durable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while ceramics are hard and resistant to heat and wear. Polymers are lightweight and flexible, whereas composites combine two or more materials to achieve improved properties for engineering applications.
Example: Steel in buildings, plastic in bottles, ceramic tiles, fiberglass in boats.
What are Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals?
Ferrous metals contain iron as their main element and are generally strong, hard, and magnetic, but they are prone to rusting when exposed to moisture. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and are usually lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and good conductors of electricity and heat. These metals are widely used in industries depending on strength, weight, and corrosion requirements.
Example: Steel used in bridges; aluminium in aircraft.
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Mechanical properties describe the behavior of materials when external forces such as tension, compression, bending, or impact are applied. Important mechanical properties include strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, ductility, and brittleness. These properties help engineers select suitable materials for machines, tools, and structural components.
Example: Rubber is elastic, glass is brittle.
Properties of Cast Iron
Cast iron is a strong engineering material known for its high compressive strength, good wear resistance, and excellent casting ability. It can absorb vibrations effectively, which makes it useful in heavy machinery and machine foundations. However, cast iron is brittle and can break suddenly under tensile or impact loading.
Example: Used in machine bases.
Applications of Cast Iron
Cast iron is widely used in engineering applications where strength, rigidity, and wear resistance are important. It is commonly used for engine blocks, machine tool structures, pipes, and industrial equipment because it is economical and easy to cast into complex shapes. Its vibration damping property also makes it suitable for heavy machine components.
Example: Lathe machine beds.
Types of Cast Iron
Cast iron is mainly classified into grey cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, and ductile cast iron based on carbon structure and properties. Grey cast iron has good machinability, white cast iron is hard and wear-resistant, malleable cast iron is tougher, and ductile cast iron has high strength and flexibility. Each type is selected according to industrial requirements.
Example: Ductile iron used in pipes.
Constituents of Cast Iron
The main constituents of cast iron are iron, carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus. Carbon improves hardness and casting properties, while silicon enhances machinability and fluidity during casting. Small amounts of sulfur and phosphorus influence brittleness and strength characteristics of the material.
Example: High carbon increases hardness.
Applications of Steel
Steel is one of the most widely used engineering materials because of its high strength, toughness, and versatility. It is extensively used in construction, transportation, manufacturing, and machine tools due to its excellent mechanical properties. Different grades of steel are selected depending on the required strength and durability.
Example: Steel in buildings and railways.
Types of Steels
Steels are commonly classified into low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel based on carbon content. Low carbon steel is soft and ductile, medium carbon steel provides balanced strength and toughness, while high carbon steel is very hard and wear-resistant. The carbon percentage directly affects the hardness and machinability of steel.
Example: High carbon steel in cutting tools.
Effects of Alloying Elements
Alloying elements are added to steel and other metals to improve properties such as strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and toughness. Elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese modify the structure of metals and enhance performance under different working conditions. Alloying helps produce materials suitable for specialized industrial applications.
Example: Chromium in stainless steel.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is an alloy steel containing chromium, which provides excellent corrosion resistance and durability. It has good strength, attractive appearance, and resistance to rust even in moist environments. Stainless steel is widely used in kitchens, medical equipment, chemical industries, and construction works.
Example: Used in utensils.
Aluminium
Aluminium is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, and excellent machinability. It is widely used where low weight and high strength-to-weight ratio are required. Aluminium can also be recycled easily, making it an environmentally friendly engineering material.
Example: Aircraft bodies.
Copper
Copper is a soft and ductile metal known for its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. It is widely used in electrical systems, electronics, and heat transfer equipment because it efficiently carries electricity and heat. Copper also has good corrosion resistance and long service life.
Example: Electrical wiring.
Composite Material
Composite materials are formed by combining two or more different materials to obtain improved mechanical and physical properties. These materials provide high strength, low weight, and better durability compared to individual materials used alone. Composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and construction industries.
Example: Reinforced concrete.
Ceramics
Ceramics are non-metallic materials that are hard, brittle, and highly resistant to heat and corrosion. They can withstand high temperatures and are often used in electrical insulation and refractory applications. Although ceramics are strong in compression, they are weak under tensile and impact loads.
Example: Tiles and insulators.
Unit V
TRANSMISSION OF MOTION AND POWER
What is shaft, spindle and axle?
A shaft is a rotating machine element used to transmit power and motion from one part of a machine to another. A spindle is a short rotating shaft mainly used to support and rotate cutting tools or workpieces in machine tools. An axle supports rotating parts such as wheels and gears but usually does not transmit power.
What are the elements of power transmission?
The main elements of power transmission are shafts, belts, chains, gears, pulleys, and couplings. These components help transfer mechanical power and motion from a driving machine to a driven machine. They are widely used in automobiles, industrial machinery, and manufacturing equipment.
What is belt drive?
A belt drive is a mechanical system used to transmit power between rotating shafts using belts and pulleys. It provides smooth and quiet operation and is suitable for transmitting power over long distances. Belt drives are commonly used in fans, conveyors, and machine tools.
List the types of belt drives
The common types of belt drives are open belt drive, crossed belt drive, and compound belt drive. Open belt drives rotate pulleys in the same direction, while crossed belt drives rotate them in opposite directions. Compound belt drives are used when large speed reduction or transmission over long distances is required.
List the types of belts
The main types of belts used in power transmission are flat belts, V-belts, and circular belts. Flat belts are suitable for high-speed applications, while V-belts provide better grip and reduced slipping. Circular belts are mainly used for light-duty applications.
List the materials used for belts
Belts are manufactured using materials such as leather, rubber, cotton, and synthetic materials. Leather belts are strong and flexible, while rubber belts provide good friction and durability. Synthetic belts are widely used because of their high strength and resistance to wear.
What is chain drive?
A chain drive is a power transmission system that uses a chain and sprockets to transfer motion and power between shafts. Unlike belt drives, chain drives provide positive transmission without slipping. They are commonly used in bicycles, motorcycles, and conveyor systems.
List the types of chain drive
The main types of chain drives are hoisting chains, conveyor chains, and power transmission chains. Hoisting chains are used for lifting loads, conveyor chains are used in material handling systems, and power transmission chains are used in machinery and vehicles. Each type is designed for specific industrial applications.
What is pulley and types
A pulley is a wheel with a grooved rim used along with belts or ropes to transmit power or lift loads. The main types of pulleys are fixed pulleys, movable pulleys, and compound pulleys. Pulleys help reduce effort and change the direction of force in mechanical systems.
What is gear train and types
A gear train is a combination of two or more gears used to transmit motion and change speed or torque between shafts. The main types are simple gear train, compound gear train, reverted gear train, and epicyclic gear train. Gear trains are widely used in automobiles, clocks, and industrial machines.
What is the purpose of clutches and types
A clutch is a mechanical device used to connect or disconnect power transmission between the engine and the driven shaft. It allows smooth starting and stopping of machines and vehicles without shutting down the engine. Common types of clutches are single plate clutch and multi-plate clutch.
What is the purpose of brake and types
A brake is a device used to slow down or stop the motion of a moving machine or vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. Brakes ensure safety and control in automobiles and industrial equipment. The common types of brakes are disc brakes and drum brakes.
Unit VI
ROBOTICS AND CNC
Define robot and list components
A robot is a programmable automated machine capable of performing tasks with speed, accuracy, and efficiency.
The main components of a robot are manipulator, controller, sensors, power supply, and end effectors. Robots are widely used in industries for welding, painting, assembly, and material handling operations.
What is manipulator?
A manipulator is the mechanical arm of a robot that performs movement and handling operations. It consists of links and joints that provide flexibility and motion similar to a human arm. Manipulators are used for tasks such as welding, pick-and-place operations, and machine loading.
What are the Applications of robots
Robots are widely used in manufacturing industries for welding, painting, assembly, and packaging operations. They are also used in medical fields for surgeries and in hazardous environments where human safety is at risk. Robotics improves productivity, precision, and workplace safety.
What are the types of sensors used in robots
Robots use different types of sensors such as position sensors, proximity sensors, vision sensors, and force sensors. These sensors help robots detect movement, distance, objects, and applied force for accurate operation. Sensors play an important role in robot automation and intelligent control.
List the components of CNC machine
The main components of a CNC machine are input device, machine control unit, machine tool, drive system, and feedback system.
The input device provides machining instructions, while the control unit processes commands and controls operations.
The feedback system ensures accuracy by continuously monitoring machine performance.
What is machining center?
A machining center is an advanced CNC machine capable of performing multiple machining operations such as drilling, milling, boring, and tapping automatically.
It increases productivity and accuracy by reducing manual intervention and setup time. Machining centers are widely used in modern manufacturing industries.
What is adaptive control?
Adaptive control is a system in CNC machining that automatically adjusts machining parameters such as speed, feed, and cutting conditions during operation. It improves machining efficiency, tool life, and product quality. Adaptive control helps machines respond effectively to changing working conditions.
Difference between NC, CNC, and DNC
NC (Numerical Control) machines use punched tapes or manual instructions for controlling machining operations.
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines use computers for automatic and flexible machine control with higher accuracy.
DNC (Direct Numerical Control) systems connect multiple CNC machines to a central computer for centralized monitoring and program management.